Article Data

  • Views 2187
  • Dowloads 163

Original Research

Open Access

IS DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION STILL VALUABLE FOR MEASURING THE PROSTATE VOLUME IN CLINICAL PRACTICE?

  • Yeong Uk Kim1
  • Ki Hak Moon1
  • Phil Hyun Song1

1Department of Urology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

DOI: 10.31083/jomh.v16i3.296 Vol.16,Issue 3,July 2020 pp.147-155

Published: 16 July 2020

*Corresponding Author(s): Phil Hyun Song E-mail: sph04@hanmail.net

Abstract

Background and objective

To investigate the usefulness of digital rectal examination (DRE), a cost-effective and simple way to mea-sure prostate volume versus transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), and the gold standard method for measuring prostate volume.

Material and methods

From 2018 to 2019, a total of 580 patients who underwent DRE and TRUS for the initial evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were included in this study. DRE was performed twice at two appointments by a single urologist, and TRUS was performed once by a single radiologist. The patients were divided into seven groups according to TRUS-estimated prostate volume (A, <30 cc; B, 30–39 cc; C, 40–49 cc; D, 50–59 cc; E, 60–69 cc; F, 70–79 cc; G, >80 cc). We investigated the agreement between the TRUS and DRE measurements.

Results

There was a high percent agreement of DRE and TRUS in groups B–D (84.6, 84.1, and 79.1%, respectively). The highest over- and underestimations of prostate volume on DRE were 23.1 and 79.5% in groups A and G, respectively. In the Bland–Altman plot, the mean difference between TRUS and DRE in group A–D was closer to zero-line than that in groups E–G. The variability in differences between TRUS and DRE in groups A, B, and C was lower than that in groups D, E, F, and G.

Conclusion

DRE was accurate in measuring the prostate volume of 30~49 cc. We suggested that DRE remains a simple and cost-effective method for measuring prostate volume.

Keywords

digital rectal examination; prostate volume; transrectal ultrasound

Cite and Share

Yeong Uk Kim,Ki Hak Moon,Phil Hyun Song. IS DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION STILL VALUABLE FOR MEASURING THE PROSTATE VOLUME IN CLINICAL PRACTICE?. Journal of Men's Health. 2020. 16(3);147-155.

References

1. Lee YJ, Lee JW, Park J, et al. Nationwide incidence and treatment pattern of benign prostatic hyperpla-sia in Korea. Investig Clin Urol 2016;57:424–30. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.2016.57.6.424

2. Putra IB, Hamid AR, Mochtar CA, Umbas R. Relationship of age, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate volume in Indonesian men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Int 2016;4:43–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prnil.2016.03.002

3. Girman CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Rhodes T. Prostate size related to urinary symptoms and health-related quality of life in randomly selected men. J Urol 1997;157:193.

4. Jacobsen SJ, Girman CJ, Guess HA, et al. Do prostate size and urinary flow rate predict health care-seeking behavior for urinary symptoms in men? Urology 1995;45:64–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(95)96766-4

5. Jacobsen SJ, Jacobsen DJ, Girman CJ, et al. Natural history of prostatism: Risk factors for acute uri-nary retention. J Urol 1997;158:481–7. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64508-7

6. Eri LM, Thomassen H, Brennhovd B, Håheim LL. Accuracy and repeatability of prostate volume measurements by transrectal ultrasound. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2002;5:273–8. https://doi. org/10.1038/sj.pcan.4500568

7. Su MZ, Lenaghan D, Woo HH. Dichotomous esti-mation of prostate volume: A diagnostic study of the accuracy of the digital rectal examination. World J Mens Helath 2013;31:220–5. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.2013.31.3.220

8. Emberton M, Andriole GL, de la Rosette J, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A progressive disease of aging men. Urology 2003;61:267–73. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02371-3

9. Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn CG. Prostate volume predicts outcome of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride: Meta-analysis of ran-domized clinical trials. Urology 1996;48:398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00353-6

10. Oelke M, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, et al. EAU guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of non- neurogenic male lower urinary tract symp-toms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 2013;64:118–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eururo.2013.03.004

11. Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Roberts RO, Guess HA, Lieber MM. Longitudinal pros-tate growth rates during 5 years in randomly selected community men 40 to 79 years old. J Urol 1999;161:1174–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61621-5

12. Alkan I, Turkeri L, Biren T, Çevik I, Akdaş A. Volume determinations by transrectal ultrasonog-raphy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: 8. Emberton M, Andriole GL, de la Rosette J, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A progressive disease of aging men. Urology 2003;61:267–73. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02371-3

9. Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn CG. Prostate volume predicts outcome of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride: Meta-analysis of ran-domized clinical trials. Urology 1996;48:398–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00353-6

10. Oelke M, Bachmann A, Descazeaud A, et al. EAU guidelines on the treatment and follow-up of non- neurogenic male lower urinary tract symp-toms including benign prostatic obstruction. Eur Urol 2013;64:118–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eururo.2013.03.004

11. Rhodes T, Girman CJ, Jacobsen SJ, Roberts RO, Guess HA, Lieber MM. Longitudinal pros-tate growth rates during 5 years in randomly selected community men 40 to 79 years old. J Urol 1999;161:1174–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)61621-5

12. Alkan I, Turkeri L, Biren T, Çevik I, Akdaş A. Volume determinations by transrectal ultrasonog-raphy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia:Correlation with removed prostate weight. Int Urol Nephrol 1996;28:517–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02550959

13. Jeong CW, Park HK, Hong SK, Byun S-S, Lee HJ, Lee SE. Comparison of prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasonography and MRI with the actual prostate volume measured after radical pros-tatectomy. Urol Int 2008;81:179–85. https://doi. org/10.1159/000144057

14. Yamamoto T, Fukuta F, Masumori N. Does digital rectal examination predict prostate volume greater than 30mL? Int J Urol 2017;24:373–6. https://doi. org/10.1111/iju.13328

15. Roehrborn CG, Girman CJ, Rhodes T, et al. Correlation between prostate size estimated by dig-ital rectal examination and measured by transrec-tal ultrasound. Urology 1997;49:548–57. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00031-9

16. Bosch JL, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, Bernsen R. Validity of three caliper-based transrectal ultra-sound methods and digital rectal examination in the estimation of prostate volume and its changes with age: The Krimpen Study. The Prostate 2005;62:353–

63. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.20144

17. Roehrborn CG, Sech S, Montoya J, Rhodes T, Girman CJ. Interexaminer reliability and valid-ity of a three-dimensional model to assess prostate volume by digital rectal examination. Urology 2001;57:1087–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)00965-7

18. Roehrborn CG. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and nat-ural history. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA, editors. Campbell-Walsh urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016. p. 2425–62.

19. Jacobsen SJ, Girman CJ, Lieber MM. Natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2001;58:5–

16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(01)01298-5

20. Lee SH, Chung BH, Kim CS, et al. Survey on benign prostatic hyperplasia distribution and treat-ment patterns for men with lower urinary tract symptoms visiting urologists at general hospitals in korea: A prospective, noncontrolled, observational cohort study. Urology 2012;79:1379–84. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.02.010

21. Lee SE, Kim DY, Kwak C. Interrelationship among age, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume in Korean men living at the metropolitan area. Korean J Urol 1999;40:1311–17.

22. Varenhorst E, Berglund K, Lofman O, Pedersen K. Inter-observer variation in assessment of the prostate by digital rectal examination. Br J Urol 1993;72:173–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1993.tb00682.x

23. Seo HK, Chung MK, Ryu BS, Lee KH, Korean Urological Oncologic Society Prostate Cancer Study Group. Detection rate of prostate cancer according to prostate-specific antigen and digi-tal rectal examination in Korean men: A nation-wide multicenter study. Urology 2007;70:1109–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.052

24. Jia Y, Zhu LY, Xian YX, et al. Detection rate of prostate cancer following biopsy among the northern Han Chinese population: A single-cen-ter retrospective study of 1022 cases. World J Surg Oncol 2017;15:165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-017-1238-9

Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,200 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.

SCImago The SCImago Journal & Country Rank is a publicly available portal that includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus® database (Elsevier B.V.)

Publication Forum - JUFO (Federation of Finnish Learned Societies) Publication Forum is a classification of publication channels created by the Finnish scientific community to support the quality assessment of academic research.

Scopus: CiteScore 0.7 (2022) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers Search for publication channels (journals, series and publishers) in the Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers to see if they are considered as scientific. (https://kanalregister.hkdir.no/publiseringskanaler/Forside).

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top