Why are we losing our men in South Africa? A narrative review of the factors contributing to high suicide rates

Suicide is a major public health crisis in South Africa, with men accounting for nearly 80% of the cases, significantly impacting male life expectancy. Socioeconomic hardships, mental health stigma, and inadequate support services contribute to this crisis. This study aimed to review and examine the factors driving high suicide rates among South African men and their effects on life expectancy. A narrative review methodology was adopted in this study. A systematic search of Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ScienceDirect was conducted, covering studies from 2015 to 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on research addressing suicide rates, risk factors, mental health challenges, and life expectancy trends among South African men. Findings indicate that traditional masculinity norms discourage emotional expression and seeking help. Financial distress, unemployment, and substance abuse further increase psychological distress. Systemic barriers, including inadequate mental health policies and stigma, prevent early intervention and access to care. Addressing male suicide requires urgent multi-sectoral interventions, including mental health awareness campaigns, improved access to gender-sensitive services, and policies challenging harmful masculine norms. Strengthening economic support systems and community-based mental health initiatives can also reduce suicide rates and improve life expectancy among South African men.

Male suicide; South Africa; Mental health; Masculinity norms; Life expectancy; Psychological distress

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